[GK3]

How much of Greece’s military expenditure is actually aimed at another NATO member (Türkiye)?

Probably a lot of it, but the good news is that it would all be useful against external threats as well. The bad news is that in absolute dollars it isn't a big number.

The Italian government might want to increase its military expenditures focused on its coast guard, not so much to deter Russia but to deter migrants coming across the Mediterranean Sea.

BC

As usual in Italy, nothing is simple. What the US regards (or used to anyway) as "Coast Guard" missions are split up differently in Italy. All the services involved have a military structure and in time of war revert to military control. The Marina Militare does a lot of it. One must remember that the US Sixth Fleet effectively abandoned the Mediterranean, leaving Italy all alone to assume the duties of "NATO South". This they did, but it has cost them a pile of money they didn't have. The latest product of this situation is the Trieste (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_la...ck_Trieste). Italy has been modernizing and augmenting their fleet to fill the gap the US departure left. It hasn't been easy, and it was explicitly done to deter Russia (and possible bad actors like Libya). As you suggest Italy is also quite aware of the need to control migration. The Marina Militare is therefore building six Offshore Patrol Vessels (OPV). This new construction (https://www.navaltoday.com/2023/08/01/or...lian-navy/, https://www.navaltoday.com/2024/09/25/co...for%202027.) is going forward, although slower than one would wish. Fincantieri contracts can be maddening :-).
 
The Guardia Costiera (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_of_t...oast_Guard https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_It...rd_vessels) is actually part of the Navy but has all kinds of reporting chains to "commercial" agencies in the government. This service did get a big "boost" for rescuing immigrants at sea back in 2013 with the arrival of two Dattilo class vessels (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dattilo-cl...rol_vessel). AFAIK that is the most recent augmentation of their capability. You have undoubtedly seen these ships in news reports loaded with migrants. The fact there are only two of them is indeed a problem.
 
Many law enforcement functions, especially smuggling of all kinds are in the remit of the Guardia di Finanza (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardia_di_Finanza). They have lots and lots of relatively small "cutters". They are actually pretty effective in what they do, but it is almost all "local" in nature.
 
If all this makes sense to you, write it down and publish it. Nobody else I know can explain it, even after imbibing lots of grappa.

I ran across this news article which I found very positive because it indicated that Ukraine was engaging in offensive air operations against Russian forces.  Then I could not find it anywhere else which makes me wonder if it is worth whatever paper it is written.  Makes for at least "I wish it were true" if it is not
https://euromaidanpress.com/2025/07/03/u...offensive/

[GK3]

How much of Greece’s military expenditure is actually aimed at another NATO member (Türkiye)?

Probably a lot of it, but the good news is that it would all be useful against external threats as well. The bad news is that in absolute dollars it isn't a big number.

The Italian government might want to increase its military expenditures focused on its coast guard, not so much to deter Russia but to deter migrants coming across the Mediterranean Sea.

BC

As usual in Italy, nothing is simple. What the US regards (or used to anyway) as "Coast Guard" missions are split up differently in Italy. All the services involved have a military structure and in time of war revert to military control. The Marina Militare does a lot of it. One must remember that the US Sixth Fleet effectively abandoned the Mediterranean, leaving Italy all alone to assume the duties of "NATO South". This they did, but it has cost them a pile of money they didn't have. The latest product of this situation is the Trieste (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_la...ck_Trieste). Italy has been modernizing and augmenting their fleet to fill the gap the US departure left. It hasn't been easy, and it was explicitly done to deter Russia (and possible bad actors like Libya). As you suggest Italy is also quite aware of the need to control migration. The Marina Militare is therefore building six Offshore Patrol Vessels (OPV). This new construction (https://www.navaltoday.com/2023/08/01/or...lian-navy/, https://www.navaltoday.com/2024/09/25/co...for%202027.) is going forward, although slower than one would wish. Fincantieri contracts can be maddening :-).
 
The Guardia Costiera (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_of_t...oast_Guard https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_It...rd_vessels) is actually part of the Navy but has all kinds of reporting chains to "commercial" agencies in the government. This service did get a big "boost" for rescuing immigrants at sea back in 2013 with the arrival of two Dattilo class vessels (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dattilo-cl...rol_vessel). AFAIK that is the most recent augmentation of their capability. You have undoubtedly seen these ships in news reports loaded with migrants. The fact there are only two of them is indeed a problem.
 
Many law enforcement functions, especially smuggling of all kinds are in the remit of the Guardia di Finanza (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardia_di_Finanza). They have lots and lots of relatively small "cutters". They are actually pretty effective in what they do, but it is almost all "local" in nature.
 
If all this makes sense to you, write it down and publish it. Nobody else I know can explain it, even after imbibing lots of grappa.

I ran across this news article which I found very positive because it indicated that Ukraine was engaging in offensive air operations against Russian forces.  Then I could not find it anywhere else which makes me wonder if it is worth whatever paper it is written.  Makes for at least "I wish it were true" if it is not
https://euromaidanpress.com/2025/07/03/u...offensive/